Emulation is more than just the highest form of flattery. It’s also a key factor in effective placemaking.
Yes, in the course of a meaningful visioning process, the naming of a specific place as a model for emulation is not absolutely necessary, but its benefits are so great that failing to do so constitutes one of the most critical mistakes you can make. Not because you should be identical to somewhere else but, rather, because you’re more effective developing a vision in terms of something real, proven and reliable, employing whatever tweaks or qualifications necessary to make it appropriate for your own community.
Mistake #4: Failing to identify an existing place as a model for emulation.
Many cities have looked at Greenville, South Carolina, as a model for how to revitalize their main street. Click for larger view.
The more precise you can be in this endeavor, the better. That is why it is common for planners to use Synoptic Surveys that measure the important details of your model.
A Synoptic Survey measures important details such as public frontage, private frontage and thoroughfare measurements so that they can be replicated in your community. You can find a Synoptic Survey template here, read about the Synoptic Survey App here, or download it here. Click for larger view.
Benefits
The four benefits of identifying a model or precedent (you need not limit yourself to one) are:
1. Building Stronger Consensus
If the development of your meaningful vision only consists of words (e.g., “we want to create a vibrant downtown that is pedestrian-friendly”), the consensus might be shaky since those words mean different things to different people. For example, what do those words demand from a perspective of thoroughfare width, parking, or private frontage requirements?
If you describe your meaningful vision in terms of an existing place there is less chance that people will be talking past one another.
Identifying a model or precedent is similar to increasing your chances of a great haircut. Instead of simply asking for a makeover — or even describing what you have in mind — a more effective technique is to cut a photo out of a magazine and show it to your stylist (or better yet, go to www.thehairstyler.com and impose different hairstyles on a photo of your head, then take them that).
Having the discipline to name a specific place or series of places also makes ongoing consensus-building substantially easier by providing something that can be visited and experienced by key decision-makers who may not have been involved at the time of the vision’s creation.
One of the great advantages of having a model to emulate is the ability of community leaders to visit. This photo was taken in Arlington, Virginia, during the 2003 field trip of approximately 20 mayors from the Austin, Texas, region. They were seeking to learn from Arlington’s success with transit oriented developments.
2. Reducing Failed Experimentation
If your proposed vision includes ideas and characteristics that do not exist anywhere on the planet (i.e., you do not have a model), that raises the huge red flag of “experimentation.” From a placemaking perspective, experimentation has not been kind to our cities; e.g.’s, pedestrian malls, suburban building types in urban settings, one way streets, bans on mixed use, sunken plazas, etc.
A popular experiment of the 1970s was to remove cars from a city’s main street in order to create a “pedestrian mall.” Only a few survived this planning experiment. This one in Baltimore did not survive. (Credit: Baltimore Sun archives)
The default setting should be to demand places that have a proven track record of success. Anything less is asking for trouble.
Advocating for the creation of a place that has no precedent is an extreme act of arrogance with predictable outcomes of failure. If you want your meaningful vision to be achievable, base it on more than pretty words. Demand the identification of precedents or models.
3. Mitigating the Scope of Single-Issue Specialization
Every meaningful vision will be attacked by single-issue specialists. You know the issues — retailers say that there is never enough parking, neighbors claim that the densities are too high, commuters argue that congestion must be eliminated, fire chiefs say that the roads are too narrow, etc.
The key isn’t to eliminate the concerns, but to address them with reference to an existing place that turns the argument away from a single-issue discussion to a holistic analysis; i.e., where the issue is placed into its proper context as opposed to an isolated context.
For example, if a specialist-minded person argues that parking should be more convenient for retailers, is your argument that it should be less convenient? The better argument is to analyze the issue as part of the overall placemaking puzzle — and having another place that serves as your model will highlight the necessity of balancing the various issues as opposed to “solving” one issue, only to find that it created three other more substantial problems.
A model helps combat the special interest silos of placemaking by forcing the conversation towards a holistic analysis as opposed to a non-contextual single-issue examination.
4. Increasing Efficiency of the Decision-Making Process
Placemaking by its very nature is a complicated task filled with conflict among different people with different priorities. When conflict arises, a great tool for resolving it is to learn from others who have already dealt with the problem.
For example, when a builder at The Waters development painted a speculative house purple in violation of the development color code, the development team could have spent a lot of time and resources debating the merits of the shade of purple. Instead, the developer asked how the communities that served as models for The Waters (I’On and Habersham) handled the issue of purple houses.
Instead of wasting time and money trying to determine whether this house should remain purple, the development team at The Waters efficiently resolved the issue by looking at how the models that served as the basis for the vision of The Waters handled the same issue.
Identifying a model will save time and resources when it comes time to implement, and also permit the discussion to be more substantive and less esoteric and emotional.
Series Overview: Through a series of periodic posts, Nathan Norris will explore how cities hinder their own placemaking efforts, wasting time and money by investing in tools, policies and programs that deliver lousy results. In the process, we’ll be looking to you to help flesh out the content through examples, personal experiences and links to additional resources. The goal? A one-stop, crowdsourced primer for cities and towns seeking advantage in an ever-competitive world.
To view the entire series to date, click here.
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Loved the post (as usual) and I was excited to see my city, Provo, in the first images. We’re definitely a city struggling with many of these issues.
Thanks, Jim. Something that may interest you: Nathan Norris, the author of this piece, is literally en route to Provo this afternoon. He will be speaking tomorrow, Tuesday the 27th, at the Utah County Association of Realtors in Ogden. You’re welcome to attend. Contact Nathan directly for further details.
Another thing to think about is transplantation. If you identify a good model and it doesn’t fit, it’s a bit like transplanting a sun-loving plant into the shade. You have to identify all the inputs that make it thrive, and still keep an eye open for some that you might not have thought of: things analogous to soil chemistry.
Bruce, I agree that this is another important component to this step of placemaking; i.e., selecting a model that is a good fit. Nonetheless, my observation is that it is much more common for communities placemaking efforts to be undermined by the absence of a model than the choice of the wrong model. You live in a city with a rich placemaking history. Do community leaders there currently identify other places as models for emulation?
This is another excellent post and hits home to something our Town Attorney has been repeating for years; before amending the comp plan and LDRs, come to a consensus on what you want the town to look like. The best way to make that happen is to find a place or places that you want to emulate. Then write the regulations to make that happen. Much easier to paint by numbers than on a blank canvas.
In Taos the conversation is more often about the model community we DO NOT want to emulate. Places like Espanola, Albuquerque, and some areas of sprawling Santa Fe. It is not as productive but still informative.
I agree that defining who you are not can be a valuable exercise. Good point!
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